Evolutie, empathie en de hersenen - evolutietheorie.be

Evolutie, empathie en de
hersenen
Farah Focquaert, PhD
UGent
19 augustus 2009
Empathie
• ‘Emotionele besmetting’
• Empathie
• Cognitieve empathie of mindreading
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Emotionele besmetting
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Emotionele besmetting
• “Emotional contagion refers to an emotional state in an observer as a
direct result of perceiving the emotional state of another” (Preston & de Waal, 2002)
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Emotionele besmetting
• Intense en zelfgerichte emoties
• Pijn, vreugde, verdriet, …
• Ratten, duiven, aapjes, …
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Spiegelneuronen netwerk
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Spiegelneuronen netwerk
Iacoboni & Dapretto (2006)
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Spiegelneuronen netwerk
Iacoboni & Dapretto (2006)
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Spiegelneuronen netwerk
• Spiegelneuronen: “aapje ziet, aapje doet” neuronen
• Single cell studies
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Spiegelneuronen netwerk
IPL
IFG
STS
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Spiegelneuronen netwerk
IFG
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Empathie
• “Empathy refers to situations in which the subject has a similar emotional
state to an object as a result of the perception of the object’s situation or
predicament” (Preston & de Waal, 2002)
• Zelf/ander scheiding
• Objectgericht
• Altruïstisch, pro-sociaal gedrag (e.g., helpen)
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Cognitieve empathie
• “Cognitive empathy refers to a shared state that is arrived at through
more cognitive means, as when the distress of the object is displaced
spatially or temporally, the situation of distress is unfamiliar, or the object
of distress is unfamiliar” (Preston & de Waal, 2002)
• Mindreading of ‘theory of mind’
• Zelfbewustzijn
• Uniek menselijk?
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Binti Jua: helping behavior
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Emotionele herkenning
•
Matching to Sample test (MTS):
→ “Physical similarity”
•
Matching to Meaning test (MTM)
→ “Underlying emotional similarity”
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(Parr, 2001-3)
Zijn mensapen in staat tot introspectie?
• Gordon Gallup (1970-82): JA!
• Mark Test
(Plotnik et al., 2006)
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http://www.emory.edu/LIVING_LINKS/elephants.html
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Mark test
• Eksters
(Prior et al., 2008)
• Delayed mark test
• 18 & 24 maanden MSR
• Vanaf 4 jaar: zelfconcept
(Barth et al., 2004, Povinelli et al., 1996)
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Theory of Mind
• Welke emotie kunnen we ‘aflezen’?
jaloezie?
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Theory of mind: false belief
• ‘Smarties’ test
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False belief: Sally/Anne test
1
ANNE
2
ANNE
BASKET
BOX
BASKET
BOX
SALLY
SALLY
SALLY puts her marble in the
basket.
3
ANNE moves the marble to the
box.
SALLY leaves.
4
Where will SALLY look for her
marble?
?
BASKET
BOX
ANNE
BASKET
BOX
SALLY
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Chimpansees: mental state ‘seeing’
(Povinelli et al., 2000)
(Moti & Nissani, 2007)
•
(1) gesture to experimenters facing forward
•
(2) gesture to experimenters that have a visible face
•
(3) gesture to experimenters that have there eyes open
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Brian Hare (2000, 2001, 2003)
• Competitie versus coöperatie
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Waarom niet?
• Povinelli & Vonk (2003); Penn & Povinelli (2007)
– ‘Reasoning about behaviors’
– ‘Reasoning about the mental states that underlie that behavior’
• Huidige experimenten kunnen daar geen onderscheid in maken
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Deceptie
• intermediair niveau van intentionele deceptie bij chimpansees
(Hare et al., 2006)
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Deceptie
(Hare et al., 2006)
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Impliciete “False Belief” test
• Peuters van 15 maanden
• “Violation-of-expectation” regel
• Anticipatory looking time
duration of eye gaze
(Onishi & Baillargeon, 2006; Onishi et al., 2007)
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Autisme spectrum stoornissen
• Autisme
• Beperkte sociale vaardigheden/interactie
• Beperkte communicatieve vaardigheden
• Rigide en repetitieve interesses en gedragingen
• Asperger syndroom: in hoofdzaak sociaal deficit
• Beperkte introspectie
• Problemen met ToM
• Beperkte empathie
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Introspectie
•
Normale individuen:
• verbal inner experience
• visual images
• feelings (located in the body) and
• un-symbolized thinking (thoughts without words or pictures associated with them)
•
Asperger syndroom:
• visual inner experience
•
“late-acquired, explicit ToM, which appears to be the result of effortful learning”
(Hurlburt, Happé & Frith, 1994; Frith & Happé, 1999)
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Lage empathie
• “Extreme male brain” hypothese:
– extreem van lage empathie en hoog systeemdenken
• Systeemdenken of ‘systemizing’:
• “the drive to analyze a system in terms of the rules that govern the
system, in order to predict the behavior of the system”
(Baron-Cohen et al., 2005)
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Empathizing/systemizing
• Empathy Quotient (EQ):
•
“Friendships and relationships are just too difficult, so I tend not to bother with them”
•
“It is hard for me to see why some things upset people so much”
•
“I don’t tend to find social situations confusing”
• Systemizing Quotient (SQ):
•
“If I were buying a camera, I would not look carefully into the quality of the lens”
•
“When travelling by train, I often wonder exactly how the rail networks are coordinated”
•
“I find it difficult to learn my way around a new city”
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(Baron-Cohen, 2003)
Spiegelneuronen & autisme
Right insula: green
Right inferior frontal cortex: blue
Left inferior frontal cortex: red
(Carr et al., 2003)
(Dapretto et al., 2005)
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Empathische pijn resonantie
(Minio-Paluello et al., 2009)
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Gezichtexpressies lezen
• Normale configuratie: e.g., “inverted face effect”
• Superieure interpretatie individuele elementen
(Lahaie et al., 2006)
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Emotionele gezichtsexpressies
• Template versus rule-based strategie (Rutherford & McIntosh, 2007)
→ verdriet
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Mindreading bij normale individuen
1) Cognitie
2) Emotie
(Hein & Singer, 2008)
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Man/vrouw verschillen - spiegelneuronen
(Cheng et al., 2008)
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Pijn empathie
(Hein & Singer, 2008)
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Thank you!
• Farah.Focquaert@ugent.be
19 augustus 2009